The Liquidity Crisis Is Dead. All Hail the Solvency Crisis.
John Leiper – Head of Portfolio Management – 15th May 2020
In response to the corona crisis, global central banks have unleashed a tidal wave of liquidity. This policy action has lifted all assets, which have floated higher on a sea of liquidity (full details in blog here: Economy ≠ Markets)
This week we concern ourselves with what happens when the tide turns…
Specifically, what if the sharp V-shaped recovery currently priced into markets does not materialise and the damage that is undoubtedly taking place to the economy takes years, not months, to recover?
The key issue is debt. Since 2008, global central banks have lowered interest rates so far that corporations have gorged on the cheap debt available. Total debt now stands at 322% of GDP. Since the financial crisis dollar-denominated corporate debt has more than doubled to $12 trillion. This is a demand shock on a global scale where the economy slows to a crawl, but the overhang of debt remains.
If debt-laden businesses cannot operate, as the coronavirus shuts borders and the population hunkers down, then many will struggle.
We are already seeing this play out. In the chart below, the number of credit rating downgrades has outnumbered upgrades over the last few months, according to data provided by the S&P credit rating agency for companies in the US high yield space. The ratio of net downgrades to total upgrades and downgrades is now near all-time lows. The high yield market will also need to absorb downgrades from investment grade debt, where the ratio is also at extreme levels.
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Very quickly the focus will shift from the ability of a company to service its debt to asset coverage and whether existing debt can be rolled over at maturity. If not, many companies will face default.
Earlier this month the fashion retailer J Crew filed for bankruptcy and Neiman Marcus and J.C Penney, two retailing giants in the US, recently failed to pay interest on their debt. Ratings agencies predict default rates for companies considered ‘risky’ could hit 15%. That number is likely on the conservative side. Before the coronavirus hit, approximately 1 in 8 US firms were considered ‘zombie’ companies that were barely able to meet debt servicing costs. For such companies, the day of reckoning has been pushed back by a decade of ultra-low interest rates and weak investor covenant protection. That day has now arrived and behind the scenes the US court system is bracing for the biggest surge in bankruptcies it has ever seen.
Using the 2001/2002 dot-com bubble and 2008 sub-prime mortgage crisis as a guide, we have provided 3 forecasts (best, base and worse) for default rates affecting those companies rated Caa by the Moody’s credit rating agency. The base and worst case scenarios are consistent with notably higher credit spreads.
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The 2008 crisis is now 12 years distant but it’s effects still live with us today. This is partly due to the political decision to follow a path of economic austerity as well as wide spread revulsion over tax-payer bailouts. But it comes down to a system where you “socialise the losses and privatise the gains”.
There is less political capital to do so today. This time around, creditors will need to take a hit. This would involve large scale debt write-offs and years of ongoing negotiation and litigation. This is good news for bankruptcy lawyers, but little else.
It’s a similar story for equities which sit lower down the capital structure.
Using data since 1994, forecasts for lower GDP growth point to a significant decline in US corporate earnings growth. This is consistent with the decline witnessed in 2008. Meanwhile, the multiple on which investors are willing to pay for these declining earnings is near a 20 year high. That looks like complacency.
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Our core concern is that markets are under-pricing solvency risk. The longer the virus continues unchallenged, and the economy remains impeded, the greater the probability that markets start to price this risk-in.
The portfolios remain liquid, highly diversified and defensively positioned. Within credit we are underweight high yield bonds as the market has failed to adequately price in both downgrade and default risk. On a relative basis we prefer US investment grade bonds, which will benefit from Fed purchases, but could still suffer from rising defaults.
Two weeks ago we reduced equities to underweight. We did so in the run-up to a key technical level on the S&P 500, at around 2,950 as shown by the red circle (details in blog here: From Liquidity to Solvency). Since then, that resistance level has held and at the time of writing the index has fallen approximately 6%.
The question is whether this level coincides with the market’s collective perception of this crisis and whether or not that perception is about to morph from a crisis of liquidity to a crisis of insolvency.
On mobile: review chart in landscape mode
This investment Blog is published and provided for informational purposes only. The information in the Blog constitutes the author’s own opinions. None of the information contained in the Blog constitutes a recommendation that any particular investment strategy is suitable for any specific person. Source of data: Bloomberg, Tavistock Wealth Limited unless otherwise stated.
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